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infertility
Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 or more months of unprotected sexual intercourse.
Prevalence: 16%
Infertility Causes
Factors Affecting Female Fertility:
- Age, fertility decreases with age
- Tubal Disorders, such as Blocked Fallopian Tubes
- Uterine Disorders, such as Endometriosis, Uterine Fibroids or Septate Uterus
- Ovarian Disorders, such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
- Endocrine related Disorders, such as Hypothyroidism/Hyperthyroidism or Hypopituitarism
Factors Affecting Male Fertility:
- Obstruction of the Reproductive Tract (Ejaculatory Ducts or Seminal Vesicles)
- Hormonal Disorders impacting sperm production
- Testicular failure to produce sperm
- Abnormal shape or motility
- Anabolic Steroids can cause abnormal sperm count and shape
What can you do to Increase Your Fertility?
Timing
Female Fertility generally reduces after the age of 35, so if you are a woman it is recommended that you have children before then.
Lifestyle
Healthy Diet
According to NHS-II, Chavarro et al., a fertlity diet consists of high intake of monounsaturated fats, vegetable proteins, high-fat dairy, low-glycemic carbohydrates, multivitamin and iron from plants and supplements. Also a case study in Spain showed that women who followed a Mediterranean Diet had lower odds of experiencing infertility. While on the other hand, a higher frequency of fast food intake and a lower frequency of fruit and vegetable intake was related to taking a longer time to get pregnant. (5)
In general a healthy diet favoring whole grains, fish, fruits, vegetables, and olive oil may not only improve overall health but boost fertility.
Exercise
Exercise has many potential health benefits, including its ability to lower stress and improve fertility. Lowering stress and achieving a healthy BMI has been shown to increase success rates, especially in women with PCOS.
Research has shown that women who do regular, moderate exercise, get pregnant more quickly than those who don’t (8). However, too much intensive and vigorous exercise, however, has the potential to lower fertility.
The best type of fertility friendly exercises with low to moderate intensity are:
- Yoga
- Walking
- Gentle bike ride
- Tai Chi
Supplements
Identifying factors that could influence human fertility such as lifestyle and diet has become a relevant public health issue in today’s world.
Supplementation of micronutrients may have an impact on both male and female fertility.
The benefits and efficacy of supplements when it comes to fertility is still debated. There is some literature that suggests that supplementation before conception can resolve deficiencies and restore micronutrients to recommended levels, therefore having beneficial effects on fertility.
According to a recent review by researchers from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School, here are the vitamins and nutrients that might have positive effects on fertility.
Folic Acid
Folic Acid, also known as Vitamin B9, plays a key role in fertility, pregnancy and the health of the baby. One study on “Supplementation for Women” who were trying to conceive found that, use of a folic acid supplement in women undergoing IVF helped optimize the homocystein pathway in follicular fluid, which was associated with better embryo quality and a greater chance of becoming pregnant.
According to Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the recommended dose for daily intake of folic acid is:
- 400 mcg for women of child bearing age
- 600 mcg for pregnant women
When it comes to male fertility and Folic Acid supplementation, studies have shown mixed results. We know that Folic Acid has important role in overall health and although it might not have direct effect of male fertility, it may still be recommended by your doctor. (2)
Myo-Inositol
It has been demonstrated that inositols facilitate the ovulatory process through insulin-sensitizing action.
Myo-inositol has shown to have a positive effect on in-vitro maturation of oocytes in rats and also reducing the gonadotropins dose and stimulation window in women undergoing IVF.(7)
Melatonin
Melatonin is a hormone produced in our brains that helps to support our circadian rhythm, therefore promoting a healthy night’s sleep. This has positive effects on oocyte quality, luteal function and embryo quality.(7)
N-Acetyl Cystein (NAC)
NAC has antioxidant, myolytic and insulin-sensitizing properties. NAC supplementation may support ovulation in women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. It can also improve oocyte and embryo quality in women undergoing IVF(7)
CoQ10
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an anti-oxidant that our body produces naturally. It protects our cells from damage, however it decreases with age. Supplementation is associated with an improvement of oocyte quality in both animals and human studies. CoQ10 plays a role in the protection of female gametes. (7)
Vitamin B12
Studies have shown a possible correlation between B12 deficiencies and failure to ovulate. When deficiency develops it can lead to changes or disruption in ovulation, defective implantation, or even fetal loss. It is important to ensure that a B12 level test is done for women undergoing fertility treatments. must request a B12 level test to be ordered by their doctor. Women with PCOS who take metformin as the first line treatment, may need supplemental B12.
Vitamin D
There is some evidence to support Vitamin D levels having an effect on the endometrium, suggesting that supplementation may be protective against endometriosis (4) ; making it essential for women who are trying to conceive and/or undergoing in vitro fertilization to maintain optimal levels. Studies also suggest that Vitamin D supplementation may improve metabolic parameters in women with PCOS.
Evidence from epidemiologic studies remain inconclusive, though suggestive that serum levels in the deficiency range are related to worse outcomes in ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies) Larger studies are required to examine the effects of Vitamin D on fertility, as well as who would benefit from which dose. (5)
Omega-3
Higher Omega-3 and lower trans fatty acid intake may enhance female fertility.
Supplementation and Male Fertility
Supplementation with certain antioxidants, specifically: Selenium, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, CoQ10, and caranites can beneficially modulate sperm quality parameters. Eating a diet rich in these supplements can positively affect sperm quality.
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Read MoreReferences:
- WHO.int
- fertilityinstitute.com
- pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- https://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/Abstract/2014/06000/Vitamin_D_and_female_fertility.5.aspx
- Fertlity and Sterility, Diet and female fertility: doctor, what should I eat? Yu-HanChiuM.D., Sc.D.aJorge E.ChavarroM.D., ScDabcIreneSouterM.D.d
- The Effect of Nutrients and Dietary Supplements on Sperm Quality Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials ,Albert Salas-Huetos,1,2 Nuria Rosique-Esteban,1,2 Nerea Becerra-Tomás,1,2 Barbara Vizmanos,3 Mònica Bulló,1,2 and Jordi Salas-Salvadó1
- Vitagliano, A.; Petre, G.C.; Francini-Pesenti, F.; De Toni, L.; Di Nisio, A.; Grande, G.; Foresta, C.; Garolla, A. Dietary Supplements for Female Infertility: A Critical Review of Their Composition. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu13103552
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ON L3Y 2R2
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